Als „Anschluss“ Österreichs oder kurz „Anschluss“ werden seit 1938 vor allem die Vorgänge bezeichnet, mit denen österreichische und deutsche Nationalsozialisten im März 1938 die Eingliederung des Bundesstaates Österreich in das nationalsozialistische Deutsche Reich veranlassten. [3] In the immediate aftermath of the dissolution of the Habsburg Monarchy—with Austria left as a broken remnant, deprived of most of the territories it ruled for centuries and undergoing a severe economic crisis—the idea of unity with Germany seemed attractive also to many citizens of the political Left and Center. In September 1936, Hitler launched the Four-Year Plan that called for a dramatic increase in military spending and to make Germany as autarkic as possible with the aim of having the Reich ready to fight a world war by 1940. That same year, Memelland was returned from Lithuania. Anschluss Österreich. A plebiscite held on 10 April officially ratified Austria's annexation by the Reich. 4.6 sur 100 000 avis. Republik Österreich), država u Srednjoj Europi.Austrija graniči s Lihtenštajnom i Švicarskom na zapadu, Italijom i Slovenijom na jugu, Mađarskom i Slovačkom na istoku, s Njemačkom na sjeverozapadu i Češkom na sjeveru. [71][72], Although the Allies were committed to upholding the terms of the Treaty of Versailles and those of St. Germain, which specifically prohibited the union of Austria and Germany, their reaction was only verbal and moderate. Bing helps you turn information into action, making it faster and easier to go from searching to doing. War Hitlers Vorhaben zu Beginn noch, Österreich mit Deutschland nur in einer Union zu verbinden, so veranlasste ihn der Jubel der österreichischen Bevölkerung, sich für den völligen "Anschluss" Österreichs zu entscheiden. Without waiting for an answer, Hitler had already signed the order to send troops into Austria at one o'clock. [62] What the result of the plebiscite meant for the Austrians will always be a matter of speculation. [51] The seizure of Austria demonstrated once again Hitler's aggressive territorial ambitions, and, once again, the failure of the British and the French to take action against him for violating the Versailles Treaty. After World War II and the fall of Nazi Germany the political ideology of Pan-Germanism fell into disfavor and is now seen by the majority of German-speaking people as taboo. On 14 March, the British Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain spoke about the "Austrian situation" in the House of Commons. [65], While historians concur that the votes were accurately counted, the process was neither free nor secret. Anschluss Österreich 1938-1945 "Anschluss" Österreich 1938 Gliederung : Die vom Bundespräsidenten Wilhelm Miklas am 11. In an attempt to put Schuschnigg's mind at rest, Hitler delivered a speech at the Reichstag and said, "Germany neither intends nor wishes to interfere in the internal affairs of Austria, to annex Austria or to conclude an Anschluss."[30]. [45] In the evening, he arrived at Linz and was given an enthusiastic welcome. Anschluss Österreich. Ferme. Stanford Libraries' official online search tool for books, media, journals, databases, government documents and more. Austria became the province of Ostmark, and Seyss-Inquart was appointed governor. Manche Kirchen bejubelten nicht nur den 'Anschluss', sondern trugen auch die NS-Politik, sei es den Antisemitismus, sei es die Auslöschung vermeintlich unwerten Lebens, voll und ganz mit, was uns heute schamvoll als Verrat am Evangelium erscheint", heißt es in einer Erklärung des Vorstandes des Ökumenischen Rates der Kirchen in Österreich (ÖRKÖ), die am Samstag veröffentlicht wurde. kein legaler Weg über Volksabstimmung möglich The defeat of the coup prompted many leading Austrian Nazis to go into exile in Germany, where they continued their efforts for unification of the two countries. He noted that the British ambassador in Berlin objected to the use of "coercion, backed by force" that would undermine Austria's independence. Join the conversation in HP’s Support Community / Forum to find solutions, ask questions, and share tips for HP Notebooks, Printers, Desktops, tablets, more. The Nazis held a controlled plebiscite (Volksabstimmung) in the whole Reich within the following month, asking the people to ratify the fait accompli, and claimed that 99.7561% of the votes cast in Austria were in favor. Dollfuss's successor was Kurt Schuschnigg, who followed a political course similar to his predecessor. Presse-Bild-Zentrale. Later plebiscites in the German border provinces of Tyrol and Salzburg yielded majorities of 98% and 99% in favor of a unification with the German (i.e. [74] Jewish actresses from the Theater in der Josefstadt were forced to clean toilets by the SA. The Anschluss was among the first major steps in Austrian-born Hitler's desire to create a Greater German Reich that was to include all ethnic Germans and all the lands and territories that the German Empire had lost after the First World War. Haider began to openly use nationalist and anti-immigrant rhetoric. Etliche Straßen sind gesperrt und mehrere Orte derzeit nicht erreichbar. Datum in weiteren Jahren. [83], The antigypsy sentiment was implemented initially most harshly in Austria when between 1938-1939 the Nazis arrested around 2,000 Gypsy men who were sent to Dachau and 1,000 Gypsy women who were sent to Ravensbrück. [99] At Nuremberg, Arthur Seyss-Inquart[100] and Franz von Papen,[101] in particular, were both indicted under count one (conspiracy to commit crimes against peace) specifically for their activities in support of the Austrian Nazi Party and the Anschluss, but neither was convicted of this count. [example needed] Engelbert Dollfuss and his successor, Kurt Schuschnigg, turned to Benito Mussolini's Italy for inspiration and support. Januar wieder shoppen dürfen - so der ursprüngliche Plan. The key appointment was that of Arthur Seyss-Inquart as Minister of Public Security, with full, unlimited control of the police. C.101.M.53.1938.VII; 19 March 1938, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (, Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance, Soviet–Czechoslovakia Treaty of Mutual Assistance, Soviet–British–French Moscow negotiations, Article 88 of the Treaty of Saint-Germain, "Divide on German Austria; Centrists Favor Union, but Strong Influences Oppose It", "Hitler Triumphant: Early Diplomatic Triumphs", http://otr.com/ra/news/CBS_Roundup_3-13-1938.mp3, http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/triumph/tr-austria.htm, "Österreichs Weg zum Anschluss im März 1938", "Video: Hitler proclaims Austria's inclusion in the Reich (2 MB)", "Die propagandistische Vorbereitung der Volksabstimmung", "Joint communiqué by Austria and Mexico on the occasion of the 70th anniversary of the Mexican protest against the "Anschluss" of Austria by Nazi Germany – BMEIA, Außenministerium Österreich", "Anschluss Tirols an NS-Deutschland und Judenpogrom in Innsbruck 1938", "Page 32 USACA - Property Control Branch", Statement of the Prime Minister in the House of Commons, 14 March 1938, "Moskauer Deklaration 1943 und die alliierte Nachkriegsplanung", "Die Entwicklung des Österreichbewußtseins", "Österreicher fühlen sich heute als Nation", Press statement on the report of the Austrian Historical Commission, Worldwide Investigation and Prosecution of Nazi War Criminals, 2001–2002, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum – Library Bibliography: Anschluss, BBC article by Robert Knight, who served on the Historikercommission, Time magazine coverage of the events of the, Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anschluss&oldid=998921233, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2020, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2020, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2019, Articles needing examples from March 2019, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2016, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2020, Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Barnett, William P., and Michael Woywode. Hugo Preuss, the drafter of the German Weimar Constitution, criticized this measure; he saw the prohibition as a contradiction of the Wilsonian principle of self-determination of peoples,[15] Had the WWI victors allowed it, Austria would have united with Germany as a freely taken democratic decision. Its 2001 report offered the following characterization: Given the extensive participation of numerous Austrians, including at the highest levels, in the implementation of the Final Solution and other Nazi crimes, Austria should have been a leader in the prosecution of Holocaust perpetrators over the course of the past four decades, as has been the case in Germany. [25][non-primary source needed], The First Austrian Republic, which was dominated from the late 1920s by the anti-Anschluss[26] Catholic nationalist Christian Social Party (CS), gradually disintegrated from 1933 (dissolution of parliament and ban on the Austrian National Socialists) to 1934 (Austrian Civil War in February and ban on all remaining parties except the CS). Hitler declared that the referendum would be subject to major fraud and that Germany would never accept it. This is a paid newsletter for professional investors who want to know every startup which gets kicked-off in the DACH region. Magenta - Handy, Internet, Entertainment & smarte Produkte im stärksten Netz Österreichs beste Qualität für Privat und Business wir sind Magenta! Seyss-Inquart was convicted of other serious war crimes, most of which took place in Poland and the Netherlands, was sentenced to death and executed. Schuschnigg called Austria the "better German state" but struggled to keep Austria independent. sfn error: no target: CITEREFShirer1984 (, David Walker, "Industrial Location in Turbulent Times: Austria through Anschluss and Occupation,", sfn error: no target: CITEREFKershaw2008 (, Messerschmidt, Manfred “Foreign Policy and Preparation for War” from Germany and the Second World War pages 636–637. Kopfhöreranschluss Stereo-Lautsprecher Ein/Aus Standby Hometaste/Touch ID Sensor Zwei Mikrofone Lautstärke Fach für Nano‑SIM (Cellular Modelle) Lightning Anschluss. Due to Prussia's quick victory, the debate was settled and in 1871 the "Kleindeutsch" German Empire based on the leadership of Bismarck and the Kingdom of Prussia formed – this excluded Austria. [31] As the Four Year Plan fell further and further behind its targets, Hermann Göring, the chief of the Four Year Plan office, began to press for an Anschluss as a way of securing Austria's iron and other raw materials as a solution to the problems with the Four Year Plan. November 1918 über die Republik als Staatsform enthielt diesen Anschluss als Staatsziel. Lacking outside pressure for political reform, factions of Austrian society tried for a long time to advance the view that the Anschluss was only an annexation at the point of a bayonet. [54], Hitler's journey through Austria became a triumphal tour that climaxed in Vienna on 15 March 1938, when around 200,000 cheering German Austrians gathered around the Heldenplatz (Square of Heroes) to hear Hitler say that "The oldest eastern province of the German people shall be, from this point on, the newest bastion of the German Reich"[55] followed by his "greatest accomplishment" (completing the annexing of Austria to form a Greater German Reich) by saying "As leader and chancellor of the German nation and Reich I announce to German history now the entry of my homeland into the German Reich. The ultimatum was set to expire at noon, but was extended by two hours. Austria had wanted a Großdeutsche Lösung (greater Germany solution), whereby the German states would unite under the leadership of German Austrians (Habsburgs). It is said that after listening to Bruckner's Seventh Symphony, Hitler cried: "How can anyone say that Austria is not German! This description has been identified as biased or incorrect: Nazi-Propaganda ("geschichtliche Grosstat") Wiens Gruss an den Führer nach der geschichtlichen Grosstat. The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, the Ausgleich, provided for a dual sovereignty, the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary, under Franz Joseph I. info), English: Annexation of Austria ), refers to the annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany on 12 March 1938. [9][10] Although many Austrians supported pan-Germanism, many others still showed allegiance to the Habsburg Monarchy and wished for Austria to remain an independent country.[11]. The official result was reported as 99.73% in favour, with a 99.71% turnout. Schuschnigg immediately responded that reports of riots were false.[43]. Hitler sent an ultimatum to Schuschnigg on 11 March, demanding that he hand over all power to the Austrian Nazis or face an invasion.
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