what was true about the gulf of tonkin incident

See Summary Notes of the 538th meeting of the National Security Council. In these shorter essays, you are expected to make a strong argument about a specific week's readings, and to support this argument with theoretical and empirical evidence. No actual visual sightings by MADDOX. CH 13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Vocab, Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentat, US Citizenship and Naturalization Test 2019 (, Cole Conlin, Elizabeth Millan, Max Ehrsam, Parthena Draggett, An Integrated Approach to Intermediate Japanese Workbook, Betsy Kerr, Guy Spielmann, Mary Rogers, Tracy D.Terrell, la prise de conscience de notre impact sur la plan. C. She asked free Black people to pose as enslaved servants in Maddox and the U.S.S. Seventh Fleet and that led to the Gulf of Tonkin. The destroyers were sent to the area in 1964 in order to conduct reconnaissance and to intercept North Vietnamese communications in support of South Vietnamese war efforts. The North Vietnamese were oblivious to the confusion it would generate. McNamara was informed of this doubt but decided to remain quiet because Pierce-Arrow was already in motion. This quote by Dwight D. Eisenhower shows the true picture of the war. The destroyer was retiring to the south. In large part due to the passage of this resolution, American forces became even more deeply mired in the Vietnam War. Corrections? But what happened in the Gulf during the late hours of 4 Augustand the consequential actions taken by U.S. officials in Washingtonhas been seemingly cloaked in confusion and mystery ever since that night. "29, During comments to reporters on 6 August, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara lied when he denied knowledge of the nature of the provocative OPLAN 34A raids, which were organized and overseen by his department. The Maddox nevertheless reported at 2040 that she was tracking unidentified vessels. Both the Maddox and the C. Turner Joy fired repeatedly into the stormy night. 4 What is the Gulf of Tonkin incident and why is it controversial? War is an enemy of all the humanity and human civilization. Three patrol craft attacked a security garrison at Cua Ron (the mouth of the Ron River) and a radar site at Vinh Son, firing 770 rounds of high-explosive munitions at the targets.8 North Vietnamese installations had been attacked four separate times in five days. Details of action following present a confusing picture. 7. H. R. McMaster, Dereliction of Duty (New York: Harper Collins, 1997), p. 129. Reply. At 1723 in Washington, Air Force Lieutenant General David Burchinal, the director of the Joint Staff, was watching the events unfold from the National Military Command Center when he received a phone call from Sharp. Historians still disagree over whether Johnson deliberately misled Congress and the American people about the Tonkin Gulf incident or simply capitalized on an opportunity that came his way. What was true about the gulf of Tonkin incident? 13. In making your definition, discuss and highlight what you think is the most And six decades ago, so the histories of those years have it, a small group of Norwegian seamen were entangled in a presidential deceit that led to an earlyand bloodyturning point in the Vietnam war. For most of the last five decades, it has been assumed that the Tonkin Gulf incident was a deception by Lyndon Johnson to justify war in Vietnam. Weather conditions were clear, and seas were calm. Gunfire and torpedoes were exchanged while F-8 fighters from USS Ticonderoga (CVA-14) raced to the scene. The Truth About Tonkin. Lawrence, Mark Atwood. Titled "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds, and the Flying Fish: The Gulf of Tonkin Mystery, 2-4 August 1964," it had been published in the classified Cryptological Quarterly in early 2001. 8. Naval Forces Southern Command in Mayport Florida. In July 1964, Lieutenant General William C. Westmoreland, commander of the U.S. Military Assistance Command, Vietnam, shifted the operation's tactics from commando attacks on land to shore bombardments using mortars, rockets, and recoilless rifles fired from South Vietnamese patrol boats.1, The U.S. Navy, meanwhile, had been conducting occasional reconnaissance and SIGINT-gathering missions farther offshore in the Tonkin Gulf. "16 Amid all the other confusion and growing doubt about the attack, this battle report was a compelling piece of evidence. Prior to the two incidents the U.S. had provided substantial aid to South Vietnam and also had a number of military advisers in South Vietnam. Deptartment of State Bulletin, 24 August 1964: 558. What are the main structures of the systemic system? Served as justification for the assassination of Ngo Diem b. Here are 10 you may or may not be familiar with that turned out to be true. Overhead, meanwhile, four F8 Crusaders that the Maddox had called in earlier from the USS Ticonderoga (CVA-14) were rapidly approaching. What was later discovered were "Tonkin ghosts" (false radar images) and no evidence of the [] It's a very good rule."31. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Which of the following resulted from American commitments to free trade? 11. The military build-up that had been piecemeal would rise in earnest over the next four years and impact a generation for decades to come. At the 1968 Democratic National Convention. All of the enemy boats were heading northwest at about 40 knots, two in front of the third by about a mile. 9. Paragraph 14, 15 Richard Nixon, quoted in Walter Isaacson, Kissinger: A Biography (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2005 . The USS Maddox destroyer, which was the U.S. ship involved in the Gulf of Tonkin incident, shown in the 1960s. . OB. Pulitzer-prize winning journalist Seymour Hersh has shed more light on US-Norwegian military cooperation which started after the end of the Second World War, and evoked memories of the controversial Gulf of Tonkin incident that opened the door to the . Funny how no one mentions the fact the Gulf Of Tonkin incident, the false flag event that 'justified' the Vietnam war. 20. In response, the North Vietnamese built up their naval presence around the offshore islands. The events led to Congress passing the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which allowed the president to increase U.S. involvement in Vietnam without Congressional approval. At the end of July 1964, MACV-SOG assaulted North Vietnamese installations on the coast of North Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin. CIA Director John McCone answered matter-of-factly, "No, the North Vietnamese are reacting defensively to our attacks on their offshore islands . Other vital intercepts mysteriously disappeared. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident. It was the beginning of the United States air assault against North Vietnam that lasted until the end of the war. a woman's right to choose in the first trimester. The Maddox, however, was not. The Gulf of Tonkin incident irreversibly changed the outcome of the war, which is especially tragic considering one major fact: the incident was a hoax. C'estr difficile pour nous de changr nos modes de vie. What Were The Truth'S About Tion About The Gulf Of Tonkin Incident? Opposed Vietnamese independence and supported French attempts to retain its colonial control. What was the intention of the War Powers Resolution? "28, Johnson himself apparently had his own doubts about what happened in the Gulf on 4 August. Calls between the Joint Chiefs of Staff; the National Military Command Center; headquarters of the Commander in Chief, Pacific; and Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara were frequently exchanged during the phantom battle. This, in effect, gave Johnson carte blanche to escalate US involvement in Vietnam without the restrictions of declaring war. Have interviewed witnesses who made positive visual sightings of cockpit lights or similar passing near MADDOX. New York, Columbia University Press, 2011. New York: Oxford Press, 2008. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident, https://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=Was_the_Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident_staged&oldid=23951. That night, the South Vietnamese staged more OPLAN 34A raids. Answer (1 of 8): Yes. At all. They were there as part of an effort to support South Vietnamese military raids on what was then the North Vietnamese coast. Maddox.The events led to Congress passing the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which allowed the president to increase U.S. involvement in Vietnam without Congressional approval. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. What happened at the Gulf of Tonkin quizlet? Five nations with a multiparty system of government.conduct a brief search of secondary source to find a answer. Answer: Gulf of Tonkin incident, complex naval event in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the coast of Vietnam, that was presented to the U.S. Congress on August 5, 1964, as two unprovoked attacks by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on the destroyers Maddox and Turner Joy of the U.S. Led by Commander James B. Stockdale, the four Crusaders strafed one of the boats, claiming it sunk . The Gulf of Tonkin incident was a complex naval event in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the coast of Vietnam, that was presented to the U.S. Congress on August 5, 1964, as two unprovoked attacks. How did the United States respond to the independence movement in Vietnam? C. Turner Joy, on two separate occasions in the Gulf of Tonkin, a body of . False reports were also presented, and the president didn't know about them. No, that's not true. In reality, McNamara knew full well that the 34A attacks had probably provoked the 2 August attacks on the Maddox. In August 1964, the USS Maddox destroyer was stationed in the Gulf of Tonkin off the coast of North Vietnam. On August 2, 1964 the USS Maddox was on DEOSTO Patrol in international waters off North Vietnam. On August 7, 1964, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, authorizing President Johnson to take any measures he believed were necessary to retaliate and to promote the maintenance of international peace and security in southeast Asia. Lyndon Johnson was sworn in as president later that day. The witness was asked to __________ a statement she made that did not seem to ________with her earlier testimony. She hired former Confederate soldiers to gather information from Destroyers carried out these so-called Desoto patrols. 8. A joint resolution of Congress dated August 7, 1964, gave the president authority to increase U.S. involvement in the war between North and South Vietnam and served as the legal basis for escalations in the Johnson and Nixon administrations that likely dwarfed what most Americans could have imagined in August 1964. The Vietnam War: A Concise History. President Johnson signed it on August 10, giving the executive far greater power to conduct military operations, without a declaration of war, than had ever been granted before. At 2336, President Johnson appeared on national television and announced his intent to retaliate against North Vietnamese targets: "Repeated acts of violence against the armed forces of the United States must be met not only with alert defense, but with positive reply. That night proved to be a stormy one. Yes it happened. See all videos for this article Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, also called Tonkin Gulf Resolution, resolution put before the U.S. Congress by Pres. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara and President Johnson were both convinced of the reality of the second attack, however, and thus they asked Congress to pass the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. From two boats, South Vietnamese commandos fired machine guns and small cannon at the island's radar and military installations. . She retired Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. ed. Within time, the conflict in Vietnam would likely have occurred anyway, given the political and military events already in motion. The featured story comes from the Counter Currents website and was titled: Covert Operations In Continue reading The South Vietnameseconducted OPLAN 34A raids and the U.S. Navy's Desoto patrols could be perceived as collaborative efforts against North Vietnamese targets. It also declared that the maintenance of international peace and security in Southeast Asia was vital to American interests and to world peace. A myriad of issues confronted the new president, not the least of which was the ongoing crisis in Vietnam. The Gulf Tonkin Incidents were the pretext for President Johnson to create and ultimately pass the Gulf Tonkin Resolution, which ultimately allowed the US to escalate the Vietnam War (also known as the Second Indochina War) into a large-scale war. Cover-Up Worse Than Crime: Silence Around Hersh's Bombshell & Ominous Gulf of Tonkin Parallels. 12. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident was a false flag operation organized by the secret services of the United States, to be used as a pretext in their participation in the Vietnam War; this simulated a false attack by North Vietnamese forces against United States Navy ships in Southeast Asia, which had penetrated waters that the United States claimed as The Maddox fired at the torpedo boats, which fired back. Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds," p. 24. What is the Gulf of Tonkin incident and why is it controversial? adhereamorousdefinitivefluentaffinityanimositydegenerategregariousalliterationcohereelucidateinherentamateurconfineengenderliteraryamicablecongregationfinaleluminary. The Gulf of Tonkin incident (Vietnamese: S kin Vnh Bc B) was an international confrontation that led to the United States engaging more directly in the Vietnam War.It involved both a proven confrontation on August 2, 1964, carried out by North Vietnamese forces in response to covert operations in the coastal region of the gulf, and a second, claimed confrontation on August 4 . Another reporter pressed the issue, "Do these [patrol boats] go north, into North Vietnamese waters?" The encounter sparked the first open fighting between the United States and North Vietnam, the first U.S. bombing of the North and an intensification of U.S. support for South Vietnam. Hanyok conducted a comprehensive analysis of SIGINT records from the nights of the attacks and concluded that there was indeed an attack on 2 August but the attack on the 4th did not occur, despite claims to the contrary by President Johnson and Secretary McNamara. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Sign up to get updates about new releases and event invitations. But no declassified information had suggested that McNamara, Johnson, or anyone else in the decision-making process had intentionally misinterpreted the intelligence concerning the 4 August incident. Re-engaging, the first PT boat launched a second torpedo and opened fire with her 14.5-mm guns, but Maddox shell fire heavily damaged the vessel.6. Forty-eight hours earlier, on Aug. 2, two US destroyers on patrol in the Gulf of Tonkin the Maddox and the Turner Joy were attacked by North Vietnamese boats. A top-secret extension of Military Assistance Command Vietnam (MACV) was created Studies and Observations Group or SOG. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. On August 2, it was attacked by North Vietnamese torpedo boats. Omissions? We sacrificed two comrades but all the rest are okay. On 2nd August, 1964, three North Vietnamese torpedo boats travelled towards the Maddox. The National Security Agency originally claimed that another sea battle, the Second Gulf of Tonkin incident, occurred on August 4, 1964, but instead evidence was found of "Tonkin ghosts" (false radar images) and not actual North Vietnamese torpedo boats. Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds," p. 16; Edward J. Drea, "Tonkin Gulf Reappraisal: 40 Years Later," MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History, Vol. . Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds," p. 3. 4. . 14. . Answers: 3. Vietnam was 12 hours ahead of Washington time, so the "attacks" in the evening of 4 August in the Gulf of Tonkin were being monitored in Washington late that morning. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . 27. 3 What power did the Gulf of Tonkin give the President? Feb 26, 2013. The Pentagon Papers, published in the 1970's subsequently proved that the claims, along with the rest of the information published by the American government justifying US involvement in Vietnam were falsehoods. 15. 23. Examine the Tonkin Gulf Resolution which granted president Lyndon Johnson power to make war, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Gulf-of-Tonkin-Resolution, The History Learning Site - Gulf of Tonkin 1964, Ohio History Central - Gulf of Tonkin Incident. North Vietnamese warships purportedly attacked United States warships, the U.S.S. But at 1045, he reversed orders, turning the Maddox back toward the coast, this time to the north of Hon Me Island. 132 (01 Dec 2005). 5. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, also called Tonkin Gulf Resolution, resolution put before the U.S. Congress by Pres. In contrast, during the 2 August attack NSA listening posts monitored VHF communications between North Vietnamese vessels, HF communications between higher headquarters in Hanoi and the boats, and communication relays to the regional naval station. These new documents and tapes reveal what historians could not prove: There was not a second attack on U.S. Navy ships in the Tonkin Gulf in early August 1964. McMasters, Dereliction of Duty, p. 119; Stockdale, In Love and War, p. 19. The fictitious Gulf of Tonkin incident helped draw the United States deeper into the Vietnam War. The enemy ship could also have been damaged. As far as Vietnam was concerned, Johnson tried, and largely succeeded, balancing support for the US allies in the south but not committing too many resources, especially soldiers, to the fight in Asia. At the same time, two other South Vietnamese commando boats carried out a similar attack against Hon Ngu Island, more than 25 miles to the south.4. According to John Prados of the independent National Security Archive, Hanyok asserted that faulty signals intelligence became "vital evidence of a second attack and [Johnson and McNamara] used this claim to support retaliatory air strikes and to buttress the administration's request for a Congressional resolution that would give the White House freedom of action in Vietnam. It's true. Operations carried during peace-time by civilian organisation, as well as covert government agencies, may by extension be called false flag operations if they seek to hide the real organisation behind an operation. McNamara's intentional distortion of events prevented Congress from providing the civilian oversight of military matters so fundamental to the congressional charter. Quoted in Dale Andrade and Kenneth Conboy, "The Secret Side of the Tonkin Gulf Incident," Naval History, 13:4, July/August 1999, pp. Though not manned by American sailors, four ships under the command of MACV-SOG attacked two islands in the Gulf, Hon Me, and Hon Ngu. The Gulf of Tonkin incident was a complex naval event in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the coast of Vietnam, that was presented to the U.S. Congress on August 5, 1964, as two unprovoked attacks by. (21) This ensures that they carry out that prime directive of all hangers-to render the clothing wrinkled and unfit for wearing in public. The papers, more than 140 of them classified top secret, include phone transcripts, oral-history interviews, signals intelligence (SIGINT) messages, and chronologies of the Tonkin events developed by Department of Defense and NSA officials. There were a number of key events in the Gulf of Tonkin Incident: The USS Maddox was sent to support the South Vietnamese mercenaries. Answer. Resulted from a minor naval conflictc. All of his policy decisions, foreign and domestic, were considered through the prism of the November vote. Ill give more brainly points, Which statement best illustrates how Elizabeth Van Lew was able to organize It showed the military superiority of the South Vietnamese. The superiors and subordinates of fbl inc., a swedish . Please. Earlier in 1963, the US-backed president of South Vietnam, Diem, and his brother were assassinated as well. What were the key events in the Gulf of Tonkin Incident? Enter a Melbet promo code and get a generous bonus, An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. The Columbia History of the Vietnam War. So the Gulf of Tonkin incident was staged claiming that . le "tourisme plage" est une ide dpasse (. , your opinion; it must be well-reasoned and backed up it has to be ( 3 to 4 pages long) by reconstructing the arguments and ideas from the readings. Seventh Fleet and that led to the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which allowed President Lyndon B. Johnson to greatly escalate U.S. military involvement in the Vietnam War. Si une phrase est fausse, corrigez-la. There is no doubting that fact. T ruthout. In the Gulf of Tonkin incident, North Vietnamese torpedo boats supposedly attacked the USS Maddox in the Gulf of Tonkin, off Vietnam, in a pair of assaults on August 2 and 4 of 1964. Resulted from a minor naval conflict c. The Johnson administration distorted the incident to provide a pretext for escalating American involvement in Vietnam d. Johnson, leaning heavily on the same team of advisors that Kennedy had appointed, did not approve of the troop build-up that many were calling for, but kept the increase of American personnel relatively modest. He arrived overhead at 2135. Who was the leader of the movement to stop the Equal Rights Amendment? It showed the military superiority of the South Vietnamese. operating in the coastal waters, inspecting suspicious incoming junks, seeking to deter and prevent the infiltration of both men and material." Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds," p. 19. By Lieutenant Commander Pat Paterson, U.S. Navy, Lieutenant Commander Pat Paterson, U.S. Navy. One pilot was killed, Richard Sather, and another was captured, Everett Alvarez, who was held in Hoa Lo Prison, better known as the Hanoi Hilton, for eight years. For more than 90 minutes, he made runs parallel to the ships' course and at low altitude (below 2,000 feet) looking for the enemy vessels. 2. 1 The Gulf of Tonkin Incident, escalator of the Vietnam War, never happened Conspiracy theory: The Gulf of Tonkin incident, a major escalator of US involvement in the Vietnam War, never actually occurred. By the time the destroyers broke off their "counterattack," they had fired 249 5-inch shells, 123 3-inch shells, and four or five depth charges.10, Commander Stockdale was again in the action, this time alone. Answer the question that you wish had been asked of you. "17, McNamara considered the report, coupled with Admiral Sharp's belief the attack was authentic, as conclusive proof. Jim and Sybil Stockdale, In Love and War (New York: Harper and Row, 1984), p. 23. The resolution was introduced in response to the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, during which two US naval ships were allegedly attacked by North . . il est impossible de compenser ses missions CO2. Nearly 200 documents the National Security Agency (NSA) declassified and released in 2005 and 2006, however, have helped shed light on what transpired in the Gulf of Tonkin on 4 August. Seventh Fleet and that led to the Gulf of . All of the following are true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident and the ensuing resolution EXCEPT c. The Johnson administration distorted the incident to provide a pretext for escalating American involvement in Vietnam 1. Aware of North Vietnamese intent from the earlier SIGINT message, Captain Herrick ordered gun crews to open fire if the fast-approaching trio closed to within 10,000 yards of the destroyer, and at about 1505 three 5-inch shots were fired across the bow of the closest boat. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, president Johnson acted before all the facts became known. From the point of view of the Maddox, the attack had been unprovoked, though North Vietnam was under the impression that the Maddox had been involved in the raids on Hon Me and Hon Ngu islands. Libby Prison. 16, No. They used a questionable report of a North Vietnamese attack on American naval vessels to justify the president's policy to the electorate and to defuse Republican senator and presidential candidate Barry Goldwater's charges that Lyndon Johnson was irresolute and "soft" in the foreign policy arena.30, For his part, McNamara never admitted his mistakes. In exchange for Lee's surrender, Grant offered On board the ship, Commander, Destroyer Division 192, Captain John J. Herrick ordered the vessel out to sea, hoping to avoid a confrontation. The Kerner Commission explained urban riots as the result of which of the following, Black frustration with the hopelessness of urban poverty, The Stonewall incident that catalyzed the gay rights movement occurred when __________, Bar patrons in New York City protested a police raid. le tourisme responsable, c'est de ne plus voyager du tout. What was true about the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution? At roughly the same time, the USS Maddox engaged in electronic surveillance also in the Gulf. (APEX) Did the gulf of Tonkin incident happen? On November 22, 1963, John Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. The president agreed and ordered Operation Pierce Arrow, an airstrike on North Vietnamese mainland targets. And then, two days later, on August 4, the Johnson administration claimed that it had been attacked again. A. The attacks were unprovoked. U.S. Grant Sharp and David Burchinal telephone call, 04 August 1964 at 5:23 PM, from the DOD National Military Command Center (NMCC), recording provided by the Lyndon B. Johnson Library and Museum. Answers: 2 Show answers Another question on History. The following day, the Maddox found that it was being approached by three North Vietnamese torpedo boats. Unlike Captain Herrick, Stockdale had no doubt about what had happened: "We were about to launch a war under false pretenses, in the face of the on-scene military commander's advice to the contrary. of the Biden Administrations decision to destroy the Nord Stream pipelines, why did much of the secret planning and training for the operation take place in Norway? On August 2, the North Vietnamese navy retaliated, sending 3 torpedo boats to engage the Maddox. Why Norway? Was the Gulf of Tonkin Incident true? The first incident took place on August 2 . He is currently assigned as the Andean Ridge and Southern Cone Desk officer at U.S. Why the Gulf of Tonkin Matters 50 Years Later (1/2) Pentagon Papers whistleblower Daniel Ellsberg and historian Gareth Porter discuss how the Gulf of Tonkin incident was used to further entangle . 25. What should have stood out to the U.S. leadership collecting all the data of these attacks was that, with the exception of the battle report, no other SIGINT "chatter" was detected during the attacks on 4 August. Foreign Relations of the United States, 19641968, vol. What was the primary guiding principle of Carter's foreign policy during his early years in office? Reply. Unbelievable, but true. McNamara instead declared that "our Navy played absolutely no part in, was not associated with, was not aware of, any South Vietnamese actions, if there were any. This time, however, President Johnson reacted much more skeptically and . The attacks were unprovoked. 1 What was true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident? In addition, even though the losses from bombing could and usually were significant, the North Vietnamese often gained a morale boost when they would shoot an American bomber out of the sky. President Johnson acted before all the facts became known, and caused the US to be more involved with Vietnam. More than 40 years after the events, that all changed with the release of the nearly 200 documents related to the Gulf of Tonkin incident and transcripts from the Johnson Library. I, Vietnam 1964 (section 278). 2. Over the next three hours, the two ships repeatedly maneuvered at high speeds to evade perceived enemy boat attacks. Next, the best we have as Robert McNamara deemed him, General William Westmoreland was appointed the commander of operations in Vietnam in April of 1964. (20) The more astute cardboard-roll hangers wait until they have been placed in the closet, out of view, before they collapse. Was the Gulf of Tonkin Incident true? Reports Cast Doubt on Alleged Second Attack Another problem: the second attack almost certainly never occurred. Hanyok claimed that "The overwhelming body of reports, if used, would have told the story that no attack occurred. The destroyers reported automatic-weapons fire; more than 20 torpedo attacks; sightings of torpedo wakes, enemy cockpit lights, and searchlight illumination; and numerous radar and surface contacts. What initially sparked the 1973 energy crisis? The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution authorized President Lyndon Johnson to "take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further. Stockdale and the other pilots, with orders to "attack and destroy the PT boats," made multiple firing runs on the enemy vessels. adhereaffinityalliterationamateuramicableamorousanimositycohereconfinecongregationdefinitivedegenerateelucidateengenderfinalefluentgregariousinherentliteraryluminary\begin{array}{lllll}\text { adhere } & \text { affinity } & \text { alliteration } & \text { amateur } & \text { amicable } \\ \text { amorous } & \text { animosity } & \text { cohere } & \text { confine } & \text { congregation } \\ \text { definitive } & \text { degenerate } & \text { elucidate } & \text { engender } & \text { finale } \\ \text { fluent } & \text { gregarious } & \text { inherent } & \text { literary } & \text { luminary }\end{array}

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